What are 2G, 3G and 4G?

2G, 3G and 4G 2G 2nd Generation (or 2G) 3G 3rd Generation (or 3G) 4G 4th Generation (or 4G) The term “Generation” refers to the level of advancement in technology. 2G (second generation) was the first generation of mobile phones. These were the original black and white flip phones. 3G (third generation) was the first generation to have color screens. 4G (fourth generation) is the newest generation of smartphones. 2G The 2nd generation (2G) refers to the first generation of smartphones, which were released between 2007 and 2011. These phones include the iPhone, Blackberry, Nokia, Samsung, HTC, Motorola, Sony Ericsson,

What is 2G Technology | Second Generation Wireless Technology | Digital Radio Signals

2G Technology 2G Technology refers to second-generation wireless telecommunication technology. While its predecessor, 1G, made use of analog radio signals, 2G uses digital radio signals. Based on what type of multiplexing (the process of combining multiple digital data streams into one signal) is employed, 2G technologies may be categorized by whether they are based on time division multiple access (TDMA) or code division multiple access (CDMA). TDMA-based 2G standards include the following: Global System for Mobile communications (GSM), used worldwide; Integrated Digital Enhanced Network (IDEN), developed by Motorola and used in the United States and Canada; Interim Standard 136 (IS-136)

What is 2.5G Technology | Second And A Half Generation

2.5G Technology 2.5G Technology (which stands for “second and a half generation”) is a cellular wireless technology developed in between its predecessor, 2G, and its successor, 3G. “2.5G” is an informal term, invented solely for marketing purposes, unlike “2G” or “3G” which are officially defined standards based on those defined by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). The term “2.5G” usually describes a 2G cellular system combined with General Packet Radio Services (GPRS), or other services not generally found in 2G or 1G networks. Wireless telecommunication technology like CDMA200 1x-RTT, Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), or Enhanced General Packet

What is the Difference Between GSM and CDMA?

GSM is an acronym for “Groupe Special Mobile”, which has now been changed to “Global System for Mobile Communication’. CDMA refers to Code Division Multiple Access. The workings of GSM and CDMA are very different. How GSM works. GSM is a ‘cellular’ technology, that is, the entire coverage area is divided into various hexagonal-shaped cells. Every cell has a corresponding network tower, which serves the mobile phones in that cellular area. That is the entire frequency band is divided into chunks, and each such chunk is divided into timeslots, and each such portion is made available to a user. How

Errors | Errors in Measurement | Absolute Error | Relative Error | Causes Of Calibration

Errors in Measurement :

Error = Measured Value – True Value

Em = Vm – Vt

Absolute Error :

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True absolute error :

= Result of measurement – True Value

Apparent Absolute Error:

= Result of measurement – Arithmetic Value

Relative error :

It is defined as the result of the absolute error and the value of comparison used for the calculation of that absolute error.

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Causes of errors:

Calibration error:

These are caused by the variation in the calibrated scale from its normal value.

01errorcalibrationtestcalibrationofgaugescalibrateainstrumentbyastandardgaugePanametricsNDT_Cali.jpg

Environmental Error :

These are caused by humidity conditions, temperature, and altitude.

Assembly Error:

i. Displaced Scale (incorrect Fitting)

ii. Non-uniform division of the scale.

iii. Due to bent/distorted pointer.

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Random Error:

Naturally Occurred

No specific reasons

Systematic errors (or) Bias errors:

These are caused due to repeated readings.

01-errors-types of error-systematic error-random error-bias error

Chaotic errors :

These are caused due to vibrations,noises and shocks.