Bias Error

Errors in Measurement :

Error = Measured Value – True Value

E_m = V_m – V_t

Absolute Error :

True absolute error :

= Result of measurement – True Value

Apparent Absolute Error:

= Result of measurement – Arithmetic Value

Relative error :

It is defined as the result of the absolute error and the value of comparison used for the calculation of that absolute error.

Causes of errors:

Calibration error:

These are caused by the variation in the calibrated scale from its normal value.

Environmental Error :

These are caused by humidity conditions, temperature, and altitude.

Assembly Error:

i. Displaced Scale (incorrect Fitting)

ii. Non-uniform division of the scale.

iii. Due to bent/distorted pointer.

Random Error:

Naturally Occurred

No specific reasons

Systematic errors (or) Bias errors:

These are caused due to repeated readings.

Chaotic errors :

These are caused due to vibrations,noises and shocks.