Components of a Common Rail Fuel Injection System

In the common rail fuel injection system, a pressure sensor measures the fuel pressure in the rail, and its signal valve is compared with the desired value stored in the engine computer. If the measured value and the desired value are different, an overflow orifice in the pressure regulator on the high-pressure side is opened or closed. The overflow returns to the fuel tank.

The fuel injectors are opened and closed by the engine computer at defined times. The duration of injection, the fuel pressure in the rail, and the flow area of the injector determine the injected fuel quantity. The injector solenoid valves are controlled according to the accelerator position and the engine information.

The electronic management in the newer fuel injection systems is time-based control systems-injection timing can therefore be very flexible and highly precise.

The current advanced fuel injection system such as common rails can account for 30 to 40 percent of the total engine cost.

Third generation common rail technology is currently available on the Mercedes E 280 CDI vehicles sold in our country.

Trends in common rail fuel injection systems

In the first and second generations of Bosch’s common rail, the injection process is controlled by a magnetic solenoid on the injectors. With an electronic solenoid on the injector nozzle and electronic controls, pilot injection becomes possible.

In the pilot injection technique, a small quantity of fuel is injected before the main injection. A typical injection period is 300 milliseconds. Too small or too early pilot injection raises the noise, and too large increases the particulate emission. In short, the quantity decreases with increasing engine speed and its interval.

The third generation common rail injection units utilize piezo-electric injectors, which use piezo crystals for even more precise metering and accurately timed delivery. Piezo crystals deform when a current is applied across them, and they return to their original form as soon as the current supply is switched off. The injector actuators consist of several hundred thin piezo-crystal wafers. In a piezo inline injector, the actuator is built into the injector body very close to the jet needle. The movement of the piezo packet is transferred friction-free, without using mechanical parts, to the rapidly switching jet needles.

The piezo injectors allow more precise metering of the amount of fuel injected and improve the atomization of the fuel in the cylinder.

The third generation common rail fuel injection technology enabled fuel injectors to run with pressure as high as 2000 bar, while microsecond fuel delivery timing is possible.

The rapid speed upon which the injectors can switch makes it possible to reduce the intervals between injections and split the quantity of fuel delivered into a large number of separate injections for each combustion stroke.

System changes in Common Rail Fuel Injection System

In the modern common rail system, injection is split into several individual injections, such as preinjection, main injection, and post-injection. This change will also help in reducing emissions.

Diesel engine with a common rail split injection system has become even quieter, more fuel efficient, cleaner, and more powerful.